Howlin, P. Interventions for people with autism: Recent advances. Adv. Psychiatr. Treat. 3, 94–102 (1997).
Google Scholar
Ben-Itzchak, E. & Zachor, D. A. The effects of intellectual functioning and autism severity on outcome of early behavioral intervention for children with autism. Res. Dev. Disabil. 28, 287–303 (2007).
Google Scholar
Eikeseth, S., Klintwall, L., Jahr, E. & Karlsson, P. Outcome for children with autism receiving early and intensive behavioral intervention in mainstream preschool and kindergarten settings. Res. Autism Spec. Disord. 6, 829–835 (2012).
Google Scholar
Eldevik, S. et al. Meta-analysis of early intensive behavioral intervention for children with autism. J. Clin. Child Adolesc. Psychol. 38, 439–450 (2009).
Google Scholar
Estes, A. et al. Long-term outcomes of early intervention in 6-year-old children with autism spectrum disorder. J. Am. Acad. Child Adolesc. Psychiatry 54, 580–587. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaac.2015.04.005 (2015).
Google Scholar
Lovaas, O. I. Behavioral treatment and normal educational and intellectual functioning in young autistic children. J. Consult. Clin. Psychol. 55, 3–9. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-006X.55.1.3 (1987).
Google Scholar
Peters-Scheffer, N., Didden, R., Korzilius, H. & Sturmey, P. A meta-analytic study on the effectiveness of comprehensive aba-based early intervention programs for children with autism spectrum disorders. Res. Autism Spec. Disord. 5, 60–69 (2011).
Google Scholar
Reichow, B., Hume, K., Barton, E. E. & Boyd, B. A. Early intensive behavioral intervention (EIBI) for young children with autism spectrum disorders (ASD). Cochrane Database Syst. Rev. https://doi.org/10.1002/14651858.CD00926 (2018).
Google Scholar
Sheinkopf, S. J. & Siegel, B. Home-based behavioral treatment of young children with autism. J. Autism Dev. Disord. 28, 15–23 (1998).
Google Scholar
Warren, Z. et al. A systematic review of early intensive intervention for autism spectrum disorders. Pediatrics 127, e1303–e1311. https://doi.org/10.1542/peds.2011-0426 (2011).
Google Scholar
Birnbrauer, J. S. & Leach, D. J. The Murdoch early intervention program after 2 years. Behav. Change 10, 63–74 (1993).
Google Scholar
Cohen, H., Amerine-Dickens, M. & Smith, T. Early intensive behavioral treatment: Replication of the UCLA Model in a community setting. J. Dev. Behav. Pediatr. 27(2), S145–S155 (2006).
Google Scholar
Eikeseth, S., Smith, T., Jahr, E. & Eldevik, S. Intensive behavioral treatment at school for 4- to 7-year-old children with autism. A 1-year comparison-controlled study. Behav. Modif. 26, 49–68. https://doi.org/10.1177/0145445502026001004 (2002).
Google Scholar
Eldevik, S., Eikeseth, S., Jahr, E. & Smith, T. Effects of low-intensity behavioral treatment for children with autism and mental retardation. J. Autism Dev. Disord. 36, 211–224 (2006).
Google Scholar
Howard, J. S., Sparkman, C. R., Cohen, H. G., Green, G. & Stanislaw, H. A comparison of intensive behavior analytic and eclectic treatments for young children with autism. Res. Dev. Disabil. 26, 359–383 (2005).
Google Scholar
Remington, B. et al. Early intensive behavioral intervention: Outcomes for children with autism and their parents after two years. Am. J. Ment. Retard. 112, 418–438 (2007).
Google Scholar
Smith, T., Groen, A. D. & Wynn, J. W. Randomized trial of intensive early intervention for children with pervasive developmental disorder. Am. J. Ment. Retard. 105, 269–285 (2000).
Google Scholar
Matson, J. L. & Konst, M. J. What is the evidence for long term effects of early autism interventions?. Res. Autism Spec. Disord. 7, 475–479 (2013).
Google Scholar
Matson, J. L. et al. Examining cross-cultural differences in autism spectrum disorder: A multinational comparison from Greece, Italy, Japan, Poland, and the United States. Eur. Psychiatry 42, 70–76 (2017).
Google Scholar
Tonge, B. J., Bull, K., Brereton, A. & Wilson, R. A review of evidence-based early intervention for behavioural problems in children with autism spectrum disorder: The core components of effective programs, child-focused interventions and comprehensive treatment models. Curr. Opin. Psychiatry 27, 158–165. https://doi.org/10.1097/YCO.0000000000000043 (2014).
Google Scholar
Howlin, P., Magiati, I. & Charman, T. Systematic review of early intensive behavioral interventions for children with autism. Am. J. Intellect. Dev. Disabil. 114, 23–41 (2009).
Google Scholar
Mesibov, G. B., Shea, V. & Schopler, E. The TEACCH Approach to Autism Spectrum Disorders (Springer, 2004).
Google Scholar
Sandoval-Norton, A. H. & Shkedy, G. How much compliance is too much compliance: Is long-term ABA therapy abuse?. Cogent. Psychol. 6, 1641258 (2019).
Google Scholar
Sternberg, R. J. & Williams, W. M. Educational Psychology Review (Pearson Education, 2010).
Wilson, B., Beamish, W., Hay, S. & Attwood, T. Prompt dependency beyond childhood: Adults with Asperger’s syndrome and intimate relationships. J. Relat. Res. 5, 1–11. https://doi.org/10.1017/jrr.2014.11 (2014).
Google Scholar
Steinhausen, H. C., Mohr, J. C. & Lauritsen, M. B. A systematic review and meta-analysis of the long-term overall outcome of autism spectrum disorders in adolescence and adulthood. Acta Psychiatr. Scand. 133, 445–452. https://doi.org/10.1111/acps.12559 (2016).
Google Scholar
Akshoomoff, N., Stahmer, A. C., Corsello, C. & Mahrer, N. E. What happens next? Follow-up from the children’s toddler school program. J. Posit. Behav. Interv. 12, 245–253 (2010).
Google Scholar
Muthukrishna, M. et al. Beyond Western, educated, industrial, rich, and democratic (WEIRD) psychology: Measuring and mapping scales of cultural and psychological distance. Psychol. Sci. 31, 678–701 (2020).
Google Scholar
Sugai, G., O’Keeffe, B. V. & Fallon, L. M. A contextual consideration of culture and school-wide positive behavior support. J. Posit. Behav. Interv. 14, 197–208 (2012).
Google Scholar
Miller, K. L., Cruz, A. R. & Ala’i-Rosales, S. Correction to: Inherent tensions and possibilities: Behavior analysis and cultural responsiveness. Behav. Soc. Iss. 28, 203–203 (2019).
Google Scholar
Al-Hemoud, A. M. & Al-Asfoor, M. M. A behavior based safety approach at a Kuwait research institution. J. Safety Res. 37, 201–206 (2006).
Google Scholar
Eapen, V., Mabrouk, A. A., Zoubeidi, T. & Yunis, F. Prevalence of pervasive developmental disorders in preschool children in the UAE. J. Trop. Pediatr. 53, 202–205 (2007).
Google Scholar
Hussein, H. & Taha, G. R. A. Autism spectrum disorders: A review of the literature from Arab countries. Middle East Curr. Psychiatry 20, 106–116 (2013).
Google Scholar
Kelly, M. P. et al. An overview of autism and applied behavior analysis in the Gulf Cooperation Council in the Middle East. Rev. J. Autism Dev. Disord. 3, 154–164 (2016).
Google Scholar
Sartawi, A. M. Educational and behavioural characteristics of autistic children in the United Arab Emirates. Int. J. Rehabil. Res. 22, 337–339 (1999).
Google Scholar
Malott, M. E. et al. ABA delegation works toward the establishment of behavior analysis in the Middle East. Assoc. Behav. Anal. Int. Newslett. 26, 1–6 (2003).
Volkmar, F. R. et al. An evaluation of the autism behavior checklist. J. Autism Dev. Disord. 18, 81–97 (1988).
Google Scholar
Schopler, E., Reichler, R. J., Devellis, R. F. & Daly, K. Toward objective classification of childhood autism: Childhood Autism Rating Scale (CARS). J. Autism Dev. Disord. 10, 91–103. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02408436 (1980).
Google Scholar
United Nations Children’s Emergency Fund. Syrian crisis reports. https://www.unicef.org/emergencies/syrian-crisis, (2019).
Cloth, A. H. Navigation Efficacy among Parents of Public-School Children with Special Needs (ProQuest Information and Learning Company, 2006), (UMI No. 3294424).
Epstein, J. L. et al. School, Family and Community Partnerships (2nd ed.) (Corwin, Inc, 2002).
Granger, S., des Rivières-Pigeon, C., Sabourin, G. & Forget, J. Mothers’ reports of their involvement in early intensive behavioral intervention. Topics Early Child. Spec. Educ. 32, 68–77. https://doi.org/10.1177/0271121410393285 (2012).
Barbosa, L. M. & Murta, S. G. Social validity of a contextual behavioral science-based intervention for retirement education. Psicol. Reflex. Crit. 32, 24 (2019).
Google Scholar
Luiselli, J. K. & Reed, D. D. Social validity, in Encyclopedia of Child Behavior and Development (ed. Goldstein, S. & Naglieri, J. A.) (Springer, 2011).
Mounzer, W. & Stenhoff, D. M. Early Intensive Behavioral Intervention Program for Children With Autism in Syria. Focus Autism Other Dev. Disabl. (Intensive Behavioral Intervention Prog. for Children with Autism in Syria, Early, 2022). https://doi.org/10.1177/10883576211073686
American Psychiatric Association. Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (5th ed.) (American Psychiatric, 2013).
Ghazal, M. F. The Effectiveness of a Training Program in the Development of Social Skills among a Sample of Autistic Children in Amman. https://acofps.com/vb/26289.html. Master Thesis (Fac. of Education, Univ. of Jordan, Jordan).
Lam, K. S. L. & Aman, M. G. The repetitive behavior scale-revised: Independent validation in individuals with autism spectrum disorders. J. Autism Dev. Disord. 37, 855–866. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10803-006-0213-z (2007).
Google Scholar
Bakeman, R. Recommended effect size statistics for repeated measures designs. Behav. Res. Methods 37, 379–384 (2005).
Google Scholar
Olejnik, S. & Algina, J. Generalized eta and omega squared statistics: Measures of effect size for some common research designs. Psychol. Methods 8, 434–447 (2003).
Google Scholar
Smith, D. P., Hayward, D. W., Gale, C. M., Eikeseth, S. & Klintwall, L. Treatment gains from early and intensive behavioral intervention (EIBI) are maintained 10 years later. Behav. Modif. 45, 581–601. https://doi.org/10.1177/0956797620916782. (2021)
Al-Shammari, A. et al. Sartawi, Z. CARS: Arab Version of the Scale Riyadh (Golden Sheets Library, 2002).
Al-Kilani, A. & Al-Batesh, M. Adaptive Behavior Scale: Researcher Guide (2nd edn.) (Univ. of Jordan, 1981).
Kestner, K. M., Peterson, S. M., Eldridge, R. R. & Peterson, L. D. Considerations of baseline classroom conditions in conducting functional behavior assessments in school settings. Behav. Anal. Pract. 12, 452–465. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40617-018-0269-1 (2019).
Google Scholar
Fisher, C. W. & Berliner, D. C. Perspectives on Instructional Time (Addison-Wesley Longman, 1985).
Ross, D. E. & Greer, R. D. Generalized imiation and the mand: Inducing first instances of speech in young chidren with autism. Res. Dev. Disabil. 24, 58–74. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0891-4222(02)00167-1 (2003).
Google Scholar
Tsiplova, K. et al. Measuring the association between behavioural services and outcomes in young children with autism spectrum disorder. Res. Dev. Disabil. 132, 104392. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ridd.2022.104392 (2022).
Google Scholar
Sella, F., Raz, G. & Cohen, K. R. When randomization is not good enough: Matching groups in intervention studies. Psychon. Bull. Rev. 28, 2085–2093. https://doi.org/10.3758/s13423-021-01970-5 (2021).
Google Scholar
Pan, Y. & Zhan, P. The impact of sample attrition on longitudinal learning diagnosis: A prolog. Front. Psychol. 3(11), 1051. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2020.01051 (2020).
Google Scholar
McEachin, J. J., Smith, T. & Lovaas, O. I. Long term outcome for children with autism who received early intensive behavioral treatment. Ment. Retard. 97, 359–372 (1993).
Perry, A., Koudys, J., Prichard, A. & Ho, H. Follow-up study of youth who received EIBI as young children. Behav. Modif. 43, 181–201 (2017).
Google Scholar
Daniolou, S., Pandis, N. & Znoj, H. The efficacy of early interventions for children with autism spectrum disorders: A systematic review and meta-analysis. J. Clin. Med 11(17), 5100. https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm11175100 (2022).
Google Scholar
Frazier, T. W. et al. Longitudinal study of language trajectories and treatment outcomes of early intensive behavioral intervention for autism. J Autism Dev Disord 51(12), 4534–4550. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10803-021-04900-5 (2021).
Google Scholar
Office of Under Secretary of defense. TRICARE Comprehensive Autism Care Demonstration Program. Received from. https://www.altteaching.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/11/TRICARE-Autism-Report.pdf. (2019).
Office of the High Commissioner for Human Rights. The permanent mission of the Syrian Arab Republic to the United Nations Office and other International Organizations in Geneva. https://www.ohchr.org/Documents/Issues/Disability/StudyEducation/States/Syria.pdf. (2013).
Syria Trust for development [Aamal]. Affiliation and Program. https://www.syriatrust.sy/en/affiliate/1. (2020).
