The Paramedic Association of Canada (PAC) published the first National Occupational Competency Profile (NOCP) for paramedics in 2001 [1]. The NOCP has since been used by regulatory bodies, paramedic services, educators, and education accreditation agencies. Recognizing the shifting role of paramedicine in Canada in public safety and healthcare contexts, PAC renewed the NOCP in 2011 [1]. In 2016, additional work commissioned by PAC examined the roles paramedics should embody as part of their work (e.g., clinician, reflective practitioner) [2,3]. Given the central role that the NOCP plays within paramedicine in Canada, the planned 2023 revision must respond to evolving patient and societal needs through the identification of new competencies and the revision or removal of outdated competencies [4]. To this effect, in 2021, PAC partnered with the Canadian Standards Association (CSA) Group to manage the renewal of the NOCP and incorporate it into a new standard following the accredited processes of the Standards Council of Canada-the National Occupational Standard for Paramedics (NOSP).
The NOSP, while developed for the Canadian context, represents one of several ongoing international efforts to better understand and more accurately reflect contemporary paramedicine and paramedic practice [5-8]. We continue to experience a disconnect between paramedic practice and activities such as education, warranting a re-examination. For example, paramedics in Canada care for patients from differing environmental, social, and cultural contexts daily that are not sufficiently represented in existing practice documents [9]. Further, the perspectives and considerations of other minority and vulnerable populations that paramedics regularly care for have also historically been ignored. Examining and understanding contemporary (and future) paramedic practice in Canada will ensure that activities such as initial and continuing education, regulation, and assessment are better informed [10].
The development of the NOSP is guided by recent advances in the competency framework literature [4,9]. By adopting a systems-thinking approach, we recognize that we need to understand not only contemporary issues in paramedicine but also historical developments since 2011 and predicted future requirements to develop the NOSP. As such, this review aims to identify the emerging concepts in the paramedicine literature since 2011 to inform the development of the NOSP.
Methods
The purpose of this review is to provide new insights rather than summarize past research [11]. Therefore, we elected to perform a restricted review [12,13] focused on literature informing paramedicine in Canada, published from 2011 through 2022. A restricted review (an approach in which systematic review methods are streamlined and accelerated) [13] was considered appropriate due to the need for timely information and the aim of the review. Restricted review recommendations in this study included date restrictions, setting restrictions, database limits, single reviewer extraction, and narrative synthesis [13]. This review is not intended to be a comprehensive review of the literature. To begin, we defined emerging concepts for the purpose of this study as concepts that have emerged in the paramedicine literature since the 2011 NOCP but were not well represented within that document.
Next, we searched the Cumulated Index to Nursing and Allied Health Literature (CINAHL), Medical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System Online (MEDLINE), and Excerpta Medica Database (EMBASE) from 2011 to 2022. In addition, we conducted grey literature searches with guidance from the Canadian Agency for Drugs and Technologies in Health (CADTH) Grey Matters toolkit [14] on multiple organizational websites, Google Scholar [15], and Google Web. The search terms used included terms to describe paramedicine and paramedic service delivery (e.g., paramedic, EMT, EMS) [16], and an additional search was conducted with terms used to describe the Canadian context (e.g., Canada, Canadian). Subject headings were used where appropriate, and keywords and subject headings were adapted as required for individual databases. To complement these searches, we conducted a manual search and review of all ‘Canadian Paramedicine’ magazine issues from 2014 to 2022. This publication represents a central venue where paramedic discourse in Canada has occurred over the past four decades. We included articles of all types that discussed paramedicine in Canada but excluded news reports, media updates, those about a specific non-Canadian context, and conference abstracts. Studies in both English and French were included. Two reviewers (PP and JB) screened articles at the abstract and full-text levels, and a third reviewer (AB) resolved any conflicts. One reviewer (PP or JB) extracted the data, and a third reviewer (AB) performed a quality check on 20% of the articles. Records were imported into EndNote X20 (Clarivate, Philadelphia, PA, USA) for full-text retrieval, Covidence (Veritas Health Innovation, Melbourne, Australia) for screening and extraction, and Microsoft Excel 365 (Microsoft Corp., Redmond, WA, USA) for further analysis.
Analysis
We conducted continuous content analysis to identify emerging concepts that were related to or could inform paramedic competencies. Informed by the frameworks of Thoma et al. [17] and Van Melle [18], we modified their original emerging concepts to reflect: a) the differences in language between physicians and paramedics; and b) the methodology of the NOSP development [5,9]. For example, we changed ‘physician humanism’ [17] to ‘healthy professionals’ [5]. One author (AB) analyzed the extracted data and deductively categorized the results into emerging concepts. This was checked with the remaining authors, and we made minor amendments to the wording of concepts, but none were removed or amalgamated.
Positionality
Author JB is a paramedic researcher and faculty member whose clinical portfolio involves substance use and mental health. Author PP is a paramedic and research assistant. Author AB is a Ph.D. paramedic researcher and faculty member who teaches professional and emerging issues in paramedicine to undergraduate and graduate students.
Results
The search strategy identified 13,537 studies. After the removal of duplicates, and title and abstract screening, we excluded 10,399 studies. The remaining 427 studies underwent full-text review, during which we excluded a further 117. A final total of 302 studies and reports (216 peer-reviewed articles; 86 grey literature items), informed this manuscript (see Figure 1). Articles were published from January 2011 to April 2022. A list of included studies can be accessed online at https://bit.ly/3FFXycZ [19].
Table 1 outlines the emerging concepts and the number of studies that were categorized by main concept and additional concept.
Table 2 outlines the 11 emerging concepts, along with a description of the potential competencies discussed within each theme. Changes made to the names and definitions of the emerging concepts detailed in the existing literature were approved by all authors, and are referenced where applicable.
Discussion
We sought to identify the emerging concepts in the paramedicine literature in Canada since 2011 to inform a revision and update of a pan-Canadian paramedic competency framework. To do this, we performed a restricted review and a content analysis informed by the existing literature. Our study identified 11 emerging concepts in the literature that could guide or inform the development of paramedic competencies. Each of these concepts is broad and similar to the findings of Thoma et al. [17]; they mirror broader influences in paramedicine, healthcare, and society as a whole over the last decade. We will now briefly discuss a number of observations in our findings.
Despite the impact and arguable importance of contemporary social issues, we observed a lack of literature related to a number of emerging concepts in paramedicine, in particular structural competency [20,21]. For example, despite the calls to action related to Indigenous healthcare in the final report of the Truth and Reconciliation Commission of Canada [22], only a handful of papers have explored the provision of paramedic care to Indigenous communities [23,24]. Yet Indigenous communities in Canada have faced health inequity and inequalities for decades [25,26]. Closely related to this, an area that received considerably less attention was the concept of anti-racism, with only one paper [27] outlining a call to action on anti-racism in paramedicine education and service delivery. We observed a similar lack of guiding literature related to the unique health and social care needs of members of the lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender (LGBTQ+) community, refugees, individuals experiencing homelessness, and many other marginalized and vulnerable populations [28-31]. Of particular concern was an observable lack of meaningful engagement with patients and caregivers from these communities in the literature we reviewed, suggesting that the needs and expectations of communities may be poorly understood. Therefore, the NOSP development process will not only need to identify the competencies required of paramedics when caring for members of diverse communities but will also need to have a concerted effort to engage, collaborate, and consult with such communities [20].
Climate change and sustainability in paramedicine have received little attention in the literature despite the serious consequences they hold for us all paramedics and communities alike. Medical education literature has acknowledged the need for current and future physicians to understand the impacts of climate change on health and wellness [32,33], and we suggest it is now past time for paramedicine in Canada to play a responsible role in this issue. While healthcare system and policy change lie outside the remit of developing the NOSP (e.g., paramedic services switching to hybrid or electric vehicles), we should endeavor to identify the competencies paramedics will need to respond to climate-related illnesses and injuries, which are predicted to increase in the coming years.
While the ongoing COVID-19 pandemic has increased the use of virtual care and telehealth delivery by paramedic services [34,35], we still lack a clear understanding of the role of paramedics as virtual care providers, primary care extenders, and facilitators of virtual care visits. The COVID-19 pandemic further emphasized the benefits of keeping people out of hospitals if they can be cared for at home or in their community [34]. We, therefore, need to better understand the competencies that paramedics require to work in this novel context of virtual care, as it is closely linked to the concepts of social justice and improving access to and equity of care among isolated and remote communities. Depending on the model of virtual care employed, paramedics may need to have additional or expanded competencies in assessment, communication, care planning, and multidisciplinary collaboration, as well as technological capabilities.
Finally, we observed an encouraging and considerable increase in literature exploring health and well-being in paramedicine over the past decade. We identified a total of 60 reports exploring paramedic physical health [36,37], safety [38,39], mental health [40,41], violence against paramedics [42], mental health supports and interventions [43], and family and social supports [44]. However, we observed a continued lack of understanding related to spirituality, holistic self-care, empathy, compassion, and the impacts and influences on paramedicine culture. The existing lack of competencies related to holistic self-care and wellness in the 2011 NOCP is a priority we aim to address when developing the NOSP.
Strengths and limitations
The strengths of this study rest in the transparent methods outlined in this manuscript, the guidance provided by existing publications [17,18], and the inclusion of grey literature representing paramedic community discourse over the last decade. We also used elements of the NOSP development process [2,4,5,9] to sensitize us and decrease the chance that important concepts were missed. However, this study has several limitations that we must acknowledge. First, we performed a restricted review that may not have captured all literature related to paramedicine in Canada. Despite the potential to have missed some themes, it is reassuring that no additional concepts were identified during analysis when compared to similar publications. Second, this study was conducted in parallel with a larger project related to standard development, and this placed logistical boundaries on the work (e.g., timeframes). Despite this, we suggest this study offers a comprehensive overview of emerging concepts that should be considered when developing the NOSP.
This study identified 11 emerging concepts that should be considered when developing competencies as part of the NOSP: inclusion, diversity, equity, and accessibility (IDEA) in paramedicine; social responsiveness, justice, equity, and access; anti-racism; healthy professionals; evidence-informed practice and systems; complex adaptive systems; learning environment; virtual care; clinical reasoning; adaptive expertise; and planetary health. We hope that in addition to informing the NOSP, the publication of this work will create greater transparency around the development process. These emerging concepts would also benefit from further engagement among the paramedic community. In doing so, we may begin to understand how they intersect with our established understanding of the system of paramedicine.
