What GAO found
Identifying the source of a pandemic is difficult. Researchers may use several techniques to investigate the origins of pandemics. For example, researchers use techniques such as genome sequencing, bioinformatics analysis, and genetic databases to generate, analyze, and compare the genetic makeup of pathogens with that of other pathogens. A major limitation of these techniques is that some laboratory-based genetic modifications may be indistinguishable from natural mutations. Access to samples is critical for performing gene sequence analysis. This allows researchers to generate and analyze the data needed to support the possible origins of the pandemic.
Researchers also monitor pathogen infections and disease outbreaks in human and animal populations using techniques such as serology (such as blood analysis) and epidemiological surveillance (tracking disease as it moves through the population). increase. The data obtained can support investigations into the origins of pandemics. However, for these techniques to be effective in identifying the potential source of a pandemic, researchers must have access to samples and data from infected or exposed individuals from the early stages of the outbreak to identify the disease. must be reliably traced to the first human infection. In addition, researchers may conduct laboratory-based pathogen studies to generate data supporting known natural patterns or anomalous spread patterns indicative of possible laboratory-related origins. However, some pathogens cannot be easily cultured in a laboratory environment and some may require facilities at his level of enhanced biosafety.
But experts told GAO that technology is not the limiting factor in determining the likely origin of a pandemic. bottom. These include lack of sufficient access to samples and gene sequence data. Lack of standardized processes for submitting, accessing, and using genetic sequence data stored in databases worldwide. and a lack of a sufficient, skilled and multidisciplinary workforce.
GAO will actively establish multilateral agreements for access and sharing of samples and genetic sequence data, take steps to expand the interdisciplinary workforce, and target pandemic origin investigations. We identified five policy options that could help address cross-cutting challenges, such as developing national strategies. These policy options represent actions that policymakers (which may include Congress, federal agencies, state and local governments, academia, industry, and international organizations) may consider taking .
Why GAO did this study
Pandemics are global disease outbreaks that can significantly increase morbidity and mortality and cause significant economic and social disruption. According to the scientific literature, most pandemics of known origin were caused by natural transmission of viruses through animal-to-human contact. But laboratory research can cause pandemics.
GAO was asked to conduct a technical assessment of the source of the pandemic. This testimony summarizes the January 2023 Technical Evaluation. The Origins of Pandemics: Techniques and Challenges of Biological Surveillance (1) the key technologies available for pandemic origin investigations; (2) the strengths and limitations of these tools and how researchers use them to investigate pandemic origin; cross-cutting challenges faced in trying to identify
The GAO reviews peer-reviewed scientific literature and other documents, including reports from the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, the Office of the Director of National Intelligence, the Johns Hopkins Center for Health Security, the World Health Organization, and select national laboratories. Did. We interviewed representatives from government, industry, and academia. In March 2022, he convened a meeting of 27 experts with the support of the National Academy of Sciences, Engineering and Medicine.
For more information, please contact Karen L. Howard ((202) 512-6888) or howardk@gao.gov.
